Samson & Delilahright of first nightmermaid' consisting of upper woman body and lower fish body, Later in the book ugg australia sale of Historia Monstrorum, the author had reported the union of mermaid near the Rive Nile,In 1608, Henry Hudson had explored the existence of mermaid near the region of Russia, He described a creature looking like man from upper part having a speckled and porpoise like a mackerel, He said that that creature had white skin, woman breasts and long hair at back, Recently in 2004, a Butcher of The Somme',The Battle of The ugg boots sale uk Somme was a long series of battles in which the British lost 420,000 soldiers but uggs australia the Germans lost 650,000 soldiers, In 1916 Lord Lansdowne who was a leading politician at the time wrote a letter to the Daily Telegraph stating "we are slowly but surely killing off the best part of the male population of these islands", This primary source tells us that too many lives have been lost on both sides of the Western front, this shows that Haig deserves the title s membership because the coup ousted a civilian government, After assuming power, Musharraf

s overwhelming majority of Hindus, Hindus also were advancing themselves in the new order more quickly than Muslims, the majority of whom held low socioeconomic status as farmers and laborers, The emerging educated Muslim groups found Sir Syed-vis the outline and research, you will never paint yourself into a corner and ruin the idea by researching it too much,, Evidence Supporting the Existence of Mermaids It was believed that a creature of upper human body and lower fish body had circulated the oceans back 5,000 B,C,, There were also some religious myths that these mermaids rose from the depth of the oceans to educate man,, A-well known historian and scientists, Pliny the Elder had documented the accounts of these John Wooden gave us the necessary tools to overcome the adversity and obstacles that he knew from the beginning would always be in our way, He taught us to find a source of motivation to inspire us to ever higher levels of preparation and work," s execution soon followed, ending -at least at that time - any hopes for a Lancastrian revival, Edward IV was once again king,,The Tudors Prevail: The Third War of The Wars of the RosesThe final period of the Wars of the Roses came in 1483, when Edward IV died without warning, His son became King Edward V, yet, at the tender age of twelve, was not strong enough to hold onto the throne, Within two months he was deposed by his own uncle - the Duke of Gloucester - the man who became King Richard III,Richard III would remain king for around three years, yet he was very unpopular, generating increasing discontent which soon erupted into the reigniting of the Wars of the Roses, Richard III finally met his end on 22,August 1485 at the Battle of Bosworth Field, With his demise came the rise of a new king, the victor of the battle, Henry Tudor, This fairly obscure Lancastrian with a tenuous claim to the throne was crowned Henry VII on 30 October 1485, heralding the birth of the new royal dynasty of the House of Tudor,,The Tudor Period: The Wars of the Roses endHenry VII was now king, a position strengthened on 18 January 1486 by his marriage to Elizabeth of York, this union between Lancastrian and Yorkist seemingly tying things together nicely, There were some further Yorkist, uprisings - including the battle of Stoke on 16 June 1487, seen by some as the last battle of the Wars of the Roses, Yet, this new king brought with him the end of the Wars of the Roses and a dynasty which would reign for 117 years, The Tudor period had begun,,To see the historic sites of the Wars of the Roses as well as those of other conflicts and historic events on a map together with all the background and practical information you need, visit Historvius , History of Anglo Saxon London Part 2 (300 AD to 1066 AD) I have many ancestors from London including Sir Christopher Wren and to this day I have many cousins still living in London, As so many Famous events and People were Born, Lived and worked in London which extends almost two thousand years, I thought it would be a good idea to tell its story and History in 8 parts and part two covers Anglo Saxon era, After the Romans left, the city of London fell into a decline, That's a polite way of saying that the population diminished drastically and large areas of the city were left in ruins,London's location on the Thames was too good for this decline to continue, and the 7th century saw trade once more expand and the city grow once more,Early in that century, perhaps in 604 AD, the first St, Paul's Cathedral was founded, on the site now occupied by the present St, Paul's,By the 9th century, London was a very prosperous trading centre, and its wealth attracted the attention of Danish Vikings, The Danes periodically sailed up the Thames and attacked London, In 851 some 350 longboats full of Danes attacked and burned London to the ground,The tale of the next century is a confused one, with first English, then Danish, then Norman kings controlling the city, The Danes were ousted from the city by Alfred The Great in 886, and Alfred made London a part of his kingdom of Wessex, In the years following the death of Alfred, however, the city fell once more into the hands of the Danes,The Danes did not have it all their own way, In 1014 they were occupying the city when a large force of Anglo-Saxons and Norwegian Vikings sailed up the Thames to attack London, The Danes lined London Bridge and showered the attackers with spears,Undaunted, the attackers pulled the roofs off nearby houses and held them over their heads in the boats, Thus protected, they were able to get close enough to the bridge to attach ropes to the piers and pull the bridge down, There is some speculation that the nursery rhyme "London Bridge is Falling Down" stems from this incident,The attacks ceased when the Danish king Cnut (Canute) came to power in 1017, Cnut managed to unite the Danes with the Anglo-Saxons, and invited Danish merchants to settle in the city, London prospered under Cnut, but on his death the city reverted to Anglo-Saxon control under Edward the Confeddor, Edward had been raised in Normandy, so his rule brought French influence and trade,London was now the most prosperous, and largest city in the island of Britain - but it was not the capital of the realm, The official seat of government was at Winchester, although the royal residence was generally at London,Edward the Confessor was an extremely religious man, and he made it his dream to build a vast monastery and church at an island on the Thames just upriver from the city, He refounded the abbey at Westminster and moved his court there,When Edward died in 1065, his successor, Harold, was crowned in the new abbey, cementing London's role as the most important city in England,Please visit my Funny Animal Art Prints Collection @ fabprints My other website is called Directory of British Icons: fabprints,webs The Chinese call Britain 'The Island of Hero's' which I think sums up what we British are all about, We British are inquisitive and competitive and are always looking over the horizon to the next adventure and discovery, Copyright , 2011 Paul Hussey, All Rights Reserved, The History of Orton Plantation Orton Plantation in Brunswick County North Carolina is a large discount uggs sale uk plantation with extensive formal and informal gardens on 20 acres, The property was originally developed after the Civil War and was a rice plantation,Louis Moore Bacon who was born in Raleigh, NC but now resides in London, purchased almost all of the 5,000-acre property in 2010 but they are mostly limits on state governments and corresponding increases in federal power, The idea that states have rights, or that they are sovereign, appears nowhere in the original Constitution, And constitutional amendments have repeatedly imposed further limits on the states while granting more power to Congress,One of the pet peeves of the right is the "intrusion" of ideas from international law into American law, Senators at the confirmation hearings for Justice Sonia Sotomayor demanded (and, regrettably, got) a promise that she would never rely on international law, A measure adopted by voters in Oklahoma in November forbids state courts from even looking to "the legal precepts of other nations or cultures" or "international law,"This is not a defense of the Constitution; it is a mutilation, The framers knew a great deal of international law, The document itself mentions many sources of international law: treaties (a major source of international law, they are part of "the supreme law of the land"); "the law of nations," which designates customary international law; and "admiralty and maritime jurisdiction," among others,Please visit our website for all your study guide needs, From SATs to CDLs, internet marketing ebooks and videos, Studyguidesandmanuals History Of The Parole System History of the parole system:Introduction:Parole and probation is viewed by many people as the same, however there is a difference between probation and parole, Probations were introduced by John Augustus, it is an order given by judge as an addition to jail term, probation allows a convict to live in the community under custody of a probation officer for a specified period of time in which the convict will be under supervision, in 1879 they were introduced by many American states,Parole on the other hand were introduced by Brockway Zebulon in the year 1876 as a way to reduce jail overcrowding and at the same time as a way to rehabilitate prisoners by encouraging them to win their way out of prison through good behavior, involves the supervision of a criminal after serving part of jail term and the convict is allowed to live in the community under supervision, the parole period is dependent on the decisions made by the board of parole, violation of parole will result into re imprisonment of the convict,Brockway Zebulon was born in 1827 and died in the year 1920, he served as a prison warden in the united states where in later years he brought major reforms into prisons, he was in later years regarded as the father of prisons after he introduced major reforms in the prison institutions, he run the Elmira penitentiary in the New York from the year 1876 to the year 1900, however in the year 1912 he authored a book entitled fifty years of prison service,Probations and paroles are ways in which criminals are supervised in order to determine whether they are likely to commit the same crime or any other crime during this time period, if they do commit a crime during this period then they are sent back to prison to serve a jail term, both probations and paroles are set to determine the rehabilitation level of a convict and whether the convict is fully rehabilitated and whether he or she can live with the society without committing crimes,The roles of paroles were therefore to reduce prison term based on good behavior, to supervise the convict after being granted parole and grant freedom to those with uncertain sentences and therefore reduce indeterminate sentences and the major concepts underlying the parole process include the reduction of jail term after good and responsible behavior in prison, supervision of parolees and finally reduce indeterminate sentences,The origin of parole however can also be attributed to the work of Alexander Maconochie and Walter Crofton, paroles were introduced in the year 1840 through the work of Alexander Maconochie and Walter Crofton, Walter was an Irishman and Alexander was an Englishman,Maconochie was the governor of the Norfolk Island which is located off the coast of Australia, conditions in this penal colony were so bad especially for those who were serving life time imprisonment, Maconochie introduced a prison structure whereby prisoners who arrived in jail were first put under strict imprisonment, then through conditional release and finally freedom, the movement from one stage to another depended on the amount of points prisoners would earn,Maconochie in the process initiated, the mark system whereby inmates would earn their way out of prison through good behavior and hard work, these marks earned by prisoners could be in a way be used to purchase goods or reduce the a jail term,Walter Crofton can also be credited for the introduction of the parole system in the prison system, in the year 1854 he was governor of the Irish prison, as the governor of the Irish prison he initiated the three class penal servitude system, this included the following classes: the strict imprisonment class, the indeterminate sentence class and the ticket of leave class,Difference between parole and probation:Paroles and probations are usually used to refer to the same thing but the two play different roles in rehabilitating prisoners, probations are additional charges on prisoners by a judge which requires that the prisoner is supervised after leaving a prison and checked whether he or she can leave in the community without committing a similar offence, paroles on the other hand are rewards granted to prisoners for good behavior, they entail a reduction in the number of years and months one serves in prison,The parole is administered to a person after imprisonment by the parole Board depending on the behavior of the convict, while the probation is administered by a judge depending on the seriousness of the crime, for serious crimes the convict is sentenced for a jail term and after the sentence he must undergo probation, for the parole the judge has no decision on this and granting parole is left to the digression of the parole board in prison,Another difference is that the probation is administered by a judge before imprisonment depending on the seriousness of a crime committed, the parole is granted to a convict after serving all or part of his sentence in jail and these is granted by the board of parole in prisons depending on the behavior of the convict in jail,Every one leaving prison is placed under parole for a certain period of time and he or she is required to regularly meet with the parole officer, however a convict does not go under probation after prison because the probation is determined by the judge during sentencing, however during probation it is also required that one meets with the probation officer regularly,Parole is a privilege where one is eligible to parole if the prisoner receives a minimum and maximum sentence and after serving the minimum sentence the parole board may decide to put him or her under parole after a consideration hearing, this is in contrast with probation where it's determined by the judge,Probation is a sentence which is imposed by a judge as a part of the sentence passed while parole is supervision after prison, paroles are a must for everyone leaving prison but for probations they are based on a judge's decision where it is imposed on a person as a part of the sentence,Parole entails many condition which are set by a the board of parole, if a person under parole commits a crime or fails to regularly meet with the parole officer then the prison can return back to prison because of violating terms and conditions of parole, this will lead to the person being sent back to prison to serve the rest of his or her sentence,Paroles are granted to persons by the parole board when the parole board feels that a certain individual who has served his minimum term is responsible and can join the community under supervision; on the other hand probations are imposed by the judge as part of the sentence,History of parole:The origin of parole can be associated with the work of a number of individuals who headed prisons; they includeBrockway Zebulon in the year 1867, Alexander Maconochie in the year 1840 and Walter Crofton in the year 1854, Brockway Zebulon run the Elmira penitentiary in the New York while Alexander Maconochie was the governor of the Norfolk Island prison, Walter Crofton was the governor of the Irish prison, All the above contributed to the introduction of parole system in the prison system,Parole in the United States:The origin of parole can be dated back to the mid 19th century when convicts in government jails were overcrowded and there was need to grant pardons to convicts in order to create room for more convicts, Brockway Zebulon was credited for the introduction of parole in the united states in the year 1876, and through paroles the convicts could earn their way out of prison through good behavior,Therefore the roles of paroles were to reduce prison term based on good behavior, to supervise the convict after being granted parole and grant freedom to those with uncertain sentences and therefore reduce indeterminate sentences,A parole is assigned to a person who is leaving a prison or penitentiary, while for the probation it is ordered by a judge after imprisonment, therefore probation is part of the sentence passed by a judge on top of a jail term while a parole is a privilege granted to convicts who show responsibility in their behavior in jail,The first parole board in the United States was established in 1930 and it contained three members, in 1945 the parole board started reporting to the attorney general in the year 1945, however the legislature was passed in the year 1950 and this placed the parole board under department of justice in the United States,In the year 1867 the department of justice in the united state was created, further there was the first statute created that would oversee the reduction of jail terms for convicts with good behavior, this statute was referred to as the good time statute which is what is referred to as parole today, The statute ensured that those chosen through showing responsible behavior in prisons would face a reduction of their jail term, in this year one month per year of the jail term would be reduced if the warden and secretary of interior approved that a convict deserved to be paroled after showing responsible behavior,In the 1867 statute the warden in charge would observe the behavior of a prisoner and determine whether they deserved to be paroled, however the warden would not authorize the paroles and the interior secretary in a prison would authorize a parole after the warden had approved the parole,In the early 1870's the statute on parole was amended which was referred to as the good time statute, however the duties of the interior secretary which related to the discharge of prisoners for parole were transferred and this duties were assigned to the department of justice in the united states, therefore the discharge of prisoners through parole were to be effected through authority from the attorney general and not by the interior secretary of a penitentiary,In 1981 the attorney general was given the authority to reduce sentences but this was not to exceed two months, this was done through amendment of a legislature providing for the establishment of federal penitentiaries,In the same year a revision on the good time credit was made which allowed all convicts an equal chance to be paroled, the revision ensured that the credits to good behavior would exceed with the length of the jail term whereby the more the number of years one was to serve in prison then the more the number of months one was likely to get, these credits were amended as follows:Five days per month on sentences between six months and one yearSix days per month on sentences between 1 year and three years Eight days per month on a jail term between 5years and 10 years In addition to these it was amended that prisoners in prison industries would gain a three day credit per month for the first year and five days each month in the other years in a penitentiary, therefore this made it possible for those in prison industries to be paroled for three days per month which would reduce the time spent in jail,In the year 1902 the ugg uk paroles were under control of the officers in prisons, the parole board was established which was to have three members where the deputy warden would act as the chair person, the parole board would determine the rules and regulations and expected behavior, prisoners would be called before the board and behavior analyzed to determine whether the convict deserved a parole, however incase of misconduct and a convict was denied credit the attorney general granted authority to restore credit to convicts if recommendations and evidence are provided to him by the warden,The parole board established was to oversee the granting of paroles based on the convicts behavior, however other factors that they were to observe were the convicts criminal history, prior opportunities granted to the convict under supervision in the community, behavior in the prison for the jail term served and also the convicts release plan regarding issues such as accommodation, education and employmentIn the same year the power to parole was granted to the board of parole which comprised of the superintendent in the justice department, the physician of the prison and the warden, at this time Robert Landow was the first superintendent in the department of justice to be in the board of parole, also there was the introduction of parole officers whose work was to supervise parolees once they are released from prison,In 1910 there was the amendment of the act that allowed all in mates who were sentenced and confined in any United States prison would have automatic and equal chance to parole laws set in those institutions, This act also provided that no parole would take effect until the attorney general approves it and that violation of parole the parole board had the power to return the parolee to prison, each prison was also required to employ a parole officer who would supervise the convict during the parole period and also assisting parolees to obtain employment,In 1913 the rules that governed the parole board were formulated, there was also an amendment that allowed prisoners who were serving lifetime imprisonment to be paroled after serving fifteen years, from this year however no further amendments were made until the year 1930,Major parole alterations were made in the year 1930's, and amendments to the parole systems were made, this include the following:A single parole board was created and the three members of the parole were allowed to grant paroles without any further approval by the attorney general, the salaries for each of the three parole members in this year was 7,500 dollars per annum,Convicts who were sentenced for life in jail would be released on the basis of parole once they served 15 years in prison, other amendments were done in the year 1930 and years after which have overseen the current parole regime we have today,During the years paroles have been governed by rules and regulations that are followed up to date, a parolee must:Meet with parole officerObey rules and regulationsMust report to the parole officer in case of any arrestsMust inform the parole officer in case of any changes in residenceA parolee must not hold any harmful substance or own a firearmMust refrain from any behavior that may result to an issuance of a restraining orderParole in Australia:The origin of parole however can be dated back in the year 1840 through the work of Alexander Maconochie and Walter Crofton, Walter was an Irishman and Alexander was an Englishman, Maconochie was the governor of the Norfolk Island which is located off the coast of Australia, conditions in this penal colony were so bad especially for those who were serving life time imprisonment, Maconochie introduced a prison structure whereby prisoners who arrived in jail were first put under strict imprisonment, then through conditional release and finally freedom, the movement from one stage to another depended on the amount of points prisoners would earn,Maconochie in the process initiated, the mark system whereby inmates would earn their way out of prison through good behavior and hard work, these marks earned by prisoners could be in a way be used to purchase goods or reduce the a jail term,Walter Crofton can also be credited for the introduction of the parole system in the prison system, in the year 1854 he was governor of the Irish prison, as the governor of the Irish prison he initiated the three class penal servitude system, this included the following classes: the strict imprisonment class, the indeterminate sentence class and the ticket of leave class,Parole in china:Paroles in china were introduced in the year 1902 and their paroles involved the practice of parole on medical grounds, prisoners were granted parole depending on medical grounds, however the parole system was abused where by prisoners would be released or granted parole even if the convict was not seriously ill, paroles were granted on the condition that medical treatment was not available in prison,Conclusion:Paroles were introduced to reduce jails terms to prisoners but not to all prisoners but to those who showed good and responsible behavior for the years in serve in prison, They were also introduced as a way to encourage responsible behavior in rehabilitating convicts and at the same time a way to reduce the level of prisoners in jail which were already over crowded and the paroles would solve the problem of over crowding and at the same time make room for more prisoners,The roles of paroles were to reduce prison term based on good behavior, to supervise the convict after being granted parole and grant freedom to those with uncertain sentences and therefore reduce indeterminate sentences, Some of the major concepts that underlie the parole system include the reduction of jail term after good and responsible behavior in prison, supervision of parolees and finally reduce indeterminate sentences,Paroles should not be confused with probations as the two stand for two different systems in the judicial system, probations are additional charges on prisoners by a judge which requires that the prisoner is supervised after leaving a prison and checked whether he or she can leave in the community without committing a similar offence, paroles on the other hand are rewards granted to prisoners for good behavior, they entail a reduction in the number of years and months one serves in prison,Over the years since the introduction of the parole system by Brockway Zebulon in the year 1876 which acted as a way to reduce overcrowding in prisons and at the same time as a way to rehabilitating prisoners by encouraging them to win their way out of prison through good behavior, has faced many amendments in the system, a shift in the responsibility and power to grant paroles have shifted over the years, another change is the change in parole limits as to how many days or months a person will granted depending on the jail term of a convict, However the mode of granting of parole which is through good behavior has not changed and the assessment of who is to be granted parole depends on good behavior up to date,Other initiators of the parole system include Alexander Maconochie who was an Englishman and the governor of the Norfolk Island and Walter Crofton who was an Irish and governor of the Irish prison,Previously the parole board members were three in number but today the number has increased and in some states the board members even amount to 13 members, paroles have however become efficient in the recent past through improvement in the justice system all over the states, this has been made possible by the existence of amendments to provisions that govern the parole system,References:Edward M, (1996) Partners in Change; The twelve Steps Handbook for Probation Parole and Community Corrections, Hazel den publishers, New YorkFree legal advice (2007) paroles and probation, retrieved on 5th JulyThe United States department of justice (2007) history of parole, retrieved on 6th AugustWalter Cade (1961) The Crime Problem: Paroles and Probations Appleton Century Crofts publishers, CaliforniaHoffman B, (2001) History of the Federal Parole System, Parts I and Part II, Federal Probation 61: 23-31Beck J, and Hoffman B, (2000) Time Served and Release Outcome, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 13: 107-112,, Genghis Khan's Political Reforms When Genghis Khan arose to leadership over all of the united Mongol, Tatar, Kereyid and Naiman tribes, he was faced with an enormous task that could not be accomplished by sword: of turning this motley mass of people into a single, united populace, For amongst his tribes were different religions, were political practices that gave arise to strife, and it was only through visionary thinking that Genghis Khan was able to implement measures that would allow his Mongol nation to rule the known world,By the time Genghis Khan was ruler his people had been converted to a variety of different religions, from Christianity to Buddhism to Islam, In order to prevent strife amongst these different groups he proclaimed the first law of its kind in that he stated that all individuals were free to worship whatever God in whatever manner they chose, This blanket statement of religious toleration prevented the diverse beliefs of his followers from clashing, and did wonders for the cohesion of his empire, He further cemented this tolerance by declaring all priests free from taxation, a benefit that he extended to all professions such as teaching, undertakers, doctors, and lawyers in an attempt to encourage the development of those professions,The realm of politics was a bloody one, with relatives killing each other for power, In order to prevent this mayhem Genghis Khan ordered that all future Khan's of either tribes or the nation would have to be elected by a council of elders, and that should a relative simply declare himself Khan than he could be put to death, He further said that only a council could impose the death penalty on rivals, preventing family members from being able to murder each other to claim the title,These religious and political reformations allowed Genghis Khan to create a more orderly and just society, allowing it to congeal and cohere, so that the diverse peoples of his nation to feel not only welcomed and tolerated, but also safe from murder and random violence, an innovation that did wonders for the future of his nation,, Early Atlantic Fringe Megaliths The earliest known megalith structures were erected at Gobecki Tepe in SE Turkey post 9600 BCE [all BCE dates are calibrated],Hunter-gatherers carved 7 ton,2,4m high,T shaped pillars from insitu limestone,Two pillars were emplaced in an excavated circle that was surrounded by 8 evenly spaced pillars,with benches between them,More than 20 of these round or elliptical configurations ca 30m in diameter have been excavated, Pictograms of predominantly male animals were etched on the stones,Some pillars are shaped in the form of a human torso and one represents an arm,Subsequently these megaliths were buried under tones of earth,Similar,broadly coeval stone structures were unearthed at Nevali Cori ca 30km distant from Gobecki Tepe,There is no evidence of contemporary settlements proximal to these sites,which appear to have served as ritual/ceremonial centres for a relatively mobile regional populace [K Schmidt,1995-2006],Over 4Ka later pastoralists established a community at Nabta Playa in southern Egypt,which was occupied from ca 5320-3500 BCE,The residents conducted rituals and built megaliths,There were 3 groups of stone alignments and a "calendar Circle" [,] with 8 stone tumali,which contained cattle remains,The largest alignment is comprised of 10 large 2x3m,,2 tonne stones,that were positioned along the edge of a playa,The megaliths [ca 5000, BCE] may predate the tumali,Cattle had a ritual significance to these people [ F Wendorf,2002],Whether this megalith tradition was an indigenous development or evolved partially or completely in the south is a moot point,There are no diagnostic indications of cultural interaction between the Nabta Playa and megal;ith seafarers along the Atlantic Fringe,Age determinations for stone structures in the latter region are frequently suspect,because the association between the material,that has been dated and the megaliths is difficult to substantiate,Moreover rising sea levels have inundated some of the earliest stone structures along the "Sea Road" from Portugal to Scandinavia via the Irish Sea,Water from the glacial melt isolated Ireland ca 7800, BCE and separated Britain from maionland Europe ca 6500, BCE,which probably motivated people along the"Sea Road"to hone their nautical skillsA canoe at Friarton by Perth,Scotland,was dug out during the 8th millennium BCE,Deep sea fish remains at sites in Scandinavia and Scotland ca 5000-4000 BCE attest to the marine skills of coastal dwellers,Post 6000 BCE people along the "Sea Road" had the water craft and maritime expertise to communicate with each other,when seas were relatively calm,At a number of locales in Britain and Ireland wooden structures were erected prior to the megalith era, Excavations at Stonehenge car park revealed 3 post holes,which supported pine logs that were >0,75m in diameter and which date to 8820-7730 and 7480-6590 BCE,M Allen [2002] speculated that this discovery could represent a succession of decorated totem poles, which expressed the ritual/cultural beliefs of the local people,An AMS date for the remains of a wood post beside a passage tomb at Carrowmore,County Sligo,NW Ireland is ca 5895 BCE [G Burnhilt,2002],The post might be part of an earlier ritual structure,that preceded the megalith burial complex,The Carrowmore site on the Knocknarea peninsula over looking the Atlantic Ocean had particular significance to the inhabitants of NW Ireland for along period of time,A circle of upright timber posts predate a Bronze Age stone circle at Goginon near Aberystwyth,Wales by ca 2ka [T Driver,2006],The ring of 10 or 12 timber posts surrounding the Balbridie funeral pyre,Scotland ca 3750-3500 BCE could be a precursor to stone circles in that region [A Moffat,2005],Megalith structures appear to have often been positioned at locations,which had ancient,ritual significance [D Johnston,2004],Equivocal chronologies for the majority of megaliths proximal to the "Sea Road" detract from endeavours to trace the origins of this tradition along the Atlantic Fringe,To partially compensate for this deficiency the mean age of the dates in a specific region has been used [eg:Scandinavia],This technique is far from infallible,Stone lined collective tombs at Hoedia Teviec and Meriban,France could be precursors of the Carnac Mounds [ca 4875 BCE],where elaborate funeral items infer the gradual evolution of an elite society,Many passage graves in NW Brittany predate 4500 BCE Le Grand Menhir Brize at Lacmariaque is >20m high and is estimated to weigh 348 tons,It may have been in a line of menhirs of decreasing size,which were emplaced ca 5000-4000 BCE,Many Moriban menhirs were pulled down ca 3800 BCE,Cardial Ware ceramic shards [ca 5500-4500 BCEwere excavated on the French coast between Girande and the Loire fluvial system [B Cuncliffe,2001],Megaliths in Iberia appear to marginally post date those adjacent to the NW coast of France,but the regional collation of chronologies can be deceptive and could obscure a valid early date,C Scarre contends that the various types of megaliths were created over a relatively short time frames,which, are separated by periods of relatively low activity, From ca 4800-3400 BCE simple dolman passage graves and rock cut tombs were utilized in the Tagus estuary region of Portugal,Burial practices along the west cost of Iberia predate the megalith era,which incorporated some earlier concepts [B Cuncliffe,2001], The earliest Galician megaliths in NW Iberia may have been erected by hunter-gatherers and/or herders during the transition to agriculture,which varied regionally and temporally along the western seaboard,Traces of cultivation in Galicia tentatively date to 4500 BCE,One of the earliest stone structures [ca 4453-4407 BCE] in north Galicia is by the Fornodos Mouros barrow 5,The site is along a natural transit route through the north/south trending Sierra da Coriscada mountain range,It was utilized until 31000-2900 BCE with sporadic period of destructive and creative activity and variations of use [F Criado,2002,],The megalith tradition appears to have been introduced to Ireland from NW France, where it was eventually transmitted up the "Sea Road' to Orkney and the intervening isles,However the dispersal dates in Ireland pose an enigma,AMS age estimates for 8 tombs at the imposing Carrowmore complex and one at Primrose Grange range from 4300-3500 BCE,These NW Ireland burials predate the ritual centres of New Grange/ Knowth by the Irish SeaAt the Primrose Grange tomb ca [4250-3770 BCE] ,which is 2km SW of Carrowmore the funerary items,burial practices and structural morphology vary from those at Carrowmore,Grave goods at the latter site have a closer affinity to those at Orkney,This infers the presence of two coeval cultural groups on the Knocknarea peninsula [G Burnhilt,2006],There is considerable diversity in megalith construction in eastern Irelamd,where most sites post date 4000 BCE and peak construction began ca 400 years later,New Grange,Dowth and Knowth dominate the Boyne valley ritual centre [ca 3500 BCE],Quartz and quartzite might have been an integral component of the passage tomb tradition,The high concentrations of rock mural designs at New Grange has similarities to those on Orkney pottery and at the Gavrimia passage grave in Brittany [B Cuncliffe,2001],The New grange designers had a knowledge of lunar and solar events [S Riodain,1964],This knowledge may have been transmitted from the Gosbeck Sota observatory [,] region of Saxony,Germany [ca 5000, BCE] to coast France and later northward to New Grange and Orkney, [speculation],Atlantic Fringe megalith builders were influenced by diverse sources,which were not necessarily unidirectial, An elite society had begun to emerge in the Boyne valley prior to 3000 BCE, and it gained in prominence over the next millennium [B Cuncliffe,2001],If the early chronologies for the Carrowmore complex are reasonably reliable,megalith construction in Ireland commenced in the extreme NW and not along the "Sea Road" on the east coast of Ireland,It is difficult to rationalize this dispersal pattern,The tradition may have been introduced to Ireland in two stages,with the first phase directed at the ancient ritual site of Carrowmore [why,:speculation],There is another megalith anomaly,which lies across the ocean from Carrowmore,A young adolescent was interred ca 6425-6145 160a in an elaborate stone cist below a cairn of stones at L'Anse Amour by the Labrador coast of Canada,The impressive array of funerary items included 2 small stemmed projectile points,4 large knives [,],a large ovate biface,a walrus tusk,3 socketed bone points,stemmed points,a small tear drop shaped pendant,2 graphite painted stones,a caribou antler pestle,a bird bone whistle or flute, a toogling harpoon,and carbonized fish bone,This is a prestigious funeral for a young person in a remote region of Canada pre-6000 BCE,It pre-dates most megalith burials along the Atlantic Fringe and is unique among Maritime Archaic interments along the east coast of North America,Some ancient enigmas appear to defy explanation,Ca 4000 BCE there were indications of formal burials on some of Scotland's Western Isles, Callendish on Lewis was a major ritual centre from ca 3250-2000 BCE,The distribution of chamber, tombs suggests that North Uist was one of the most densely populated islands in the Hebrides [F Armit,1996],Although simple tombs similar to those at Caithness were common on Orkney prior to 3000 BCE,the era of large megalith construction at Quantness,Maes Howes,the Standing Stones of Sterness and the Ring of Brodger etc does not appreciably predate the third millennium BCE [R Bradley,2007], There could have been more than 40,000 megalith tombs [mainly dolmens and passage graves] in northern Europe,which was the highest density in Europe,The peak construction period in Denmark was from ca 3350-2900 BCE [C Scarre,2010],These age estimates marginally predate the chronologies at Callendish and Orkney,There have been debates about whether the Scandinavian megalith traditions were introduced from the south via the "Sea Road" and/or from the east,On mainland Scotland henges 10-400m in diameter became an integral component of ritual activities,They tend to be concentrated in the east by the upper reaches of the Firth of Tay and "might" have originated in Orkney,Along the NE coastal regions of Scotland a number of burial and megalith traditions bear a resemblance to and seem to post date those on Orkney [Barclay,2003],People from Orkney may have sailed to NE Scotland and introduced aspects of their culture to the local populace [speculation],Inland from Aberdeen there are >100 recumbant stone circles,that are associated with round,carved stones similar to those at Orkney,New Grange and Carrowmore,These small balls could have a ritual significance [Barclay,1990],The Maxey cursor was still open ,when the Maxey Great Henge was created over it ca 3500 BCE,The Maxey cursor is one of the earliest in Britain and cursors seem to be restricted to Britain and Ireland [F Prior,1995],The Hazelton,North Gloustershire,SW England,long cairn [ca 3780-3640 BCE] was built in a series of cells,that are arranged on either side of a central axis,These were large stone burial chambers,Post 3500 BCE there were wide spread extensions of mounds to form "bank burrows" in southern England [eg:Dorset], From ca 3500-3000 BCE individual identification,power and prestige gradually gained greater acceptance in this region,The construction of the huge SilburyHill artificial ,mound ca 2900-2750, BCE near Marbough seems to mark a dramatic cultural change,which broadly coincides with the decline of Orkney megalith construction,,Wessex became the dominant locale for a major new era of construction [eg: Stonehenge;B Cuncliffe,2001],Minimal megaliths along England's east coast could reflect a paucity of suitable lithic material [P Jordan,2007],As new data becomes available the above could require substantial revision,, Thar Coal Reserves Can Turn Around Pakistani Fortunes According to Pakistan Economy Watch the coal deposits in Thar can change the fate of the country if utilized in a proper way, It can save oil import bill, reduce unemployment and help strengthen economy, rupee and FOREX stocks, Dr Murtaza Mughal president of Pakistan Economy Watch in a statement said that 185 billion tunes of coal worth USD 25 trillion can not only cater the electricity requirements of the country for next 100 years but also save almost four billion dollars in staggering oil import bill, He said that "The project which is in limbo since a decade can help thousands of households by providing employment and help save oil import bill by USD 4-4,50 billion and help FOREX reserves to swell, It will also stabilize sliding rupee, He added that this project has already become bone of contention between the centre and Sindh province and uncertainty looms, adding that the statements of Political leader regarding the arrival of Taliban in Karachi could pose a serious threat to this project, Mr, Murtaza said the coal power generation would cost Pakistan PKR 5,67 per unit while power generated by Independent Power Projects cost PKR 9,27, He said that "There is a remarkable difference that will certainly life economy of the country and will provide a break to poor, He said that the German, Chinese and other companies had not only carried out surveys and feasibilities of this project but also offered 100 percent investment in last 7 to 8 years but the petroleum barons always discouraged them in a very systematic way, He demanded a probe into the matter as some elements deprived people of Pakistan from cheap source of energy for too long in their own interest, He said that petroleum lobby is very strong in Pakistan and they are against any other means of power generation except for the imported oil, This lobby is major beneficiary of the increasing oil bill that is estimated above 15 billion dollar this year, May be I m wrong,,, But Russia also has one of the largest Coal reservoirs but because of two reasons these had not been feasible for use, Coal,is not environment free/friendly (Sulphur),as compared to Oil/Gas and,its economic runs was also not as good as Oil/Gas during the times when Oil rates were low, I believe now the world is looking towards this source of energy, SuperSitePakistan The Incredible Innovations of Genghis Khan Genghis Khan was born into a world of fractious and warring tribes, a world where resources were scant and people made their living by both seeking to raise their own animals and take those of the others by force, Raiding for both livestock and wives was common, and if any one tribe should ever become too big, their Chinese neighbors would convince the other tribes to rise up and attack them, bringing them down, How did Genghis Khan manage to unite all of these warring tribes into one, coherent force with which he was able to take over the world,The first innovation that he engendered was to devalue the network of family and relatives that all Mongols depended upon, and instead promote men of merit to positions of trust, This meant that his household and guard were composed not just of those he could trace a connection to, but of allies and friends he had fought alongside and could trust, He turned the operation of his household into a model for how he would run his armies, showing everybody that those who served him well would be rewarded, regardless if they were of his blood,His second innovation was to capture his enemies and then adopt them into his clan instead of ignoring them and making off with their goods, When one tribe raided the other the victims would often flee while the raiders fell upon their goods, so that when they returned they would nurse their desire for vengeance until they could fall upon the raiders, creating an endless cycle of attrition, Instead, Genghis Khan would leave the loot alone and instead encircle the fleeing men, capturing them all and killing their leaders then adopting one of their children into his personal family, demonstrating that they were now of his tribe, This would result in the increase of his tribe, such that men became loyal to him and were willing to follow him wherever he might lead,Genghis Khan was able to conquer most of the known world not because he was a great and bloodthirsty warrior, but because he was an innovator of the first order,, 189239 Durkheim Theory Of The Social Function (1) Durkheim theory of the social function Durkheim theory of social function depict that the society is structured and that every structure has its own purpose, according to Durkheim the social systems have functional use and for this to be effective there must be role allocation whereby all roles must be filled, those who fill the roles must be the best able to perform them, there must be training and that roles must be well played,Crime and devianceAccording to Durkheim the existence of deviance and crime result to the need to have the social control mechanism, the parts of the society are related and if one part does not exist then the society will not function well, therefore the existence of deviance and crimes in the society will result to the need to have a social control mechanism, Therefore according to Durkheim the existence of crime was and is normal as it has a function in the society,In the case of mark who has been involved in criminal activity it is clear that the society has a mechanism to cater for the crimes, there is the existence of guards and also there is the residential care, These are mechanism in the society to take care for the unlawful in the society, This is according to Durkheim view that crime and deviance in the society is a normal thing and that the parts of the society have a function to play for the proper function of the society,Poverty According to Durkheim the society is structured and there exist those roles in the society that are not of much importance to the running of the society, therefore these results into inequality in the society, therefore the issue of inequality and poverty in the society according to Durkheim is a natural thing in the society which is caused by the role importance of individuals,Inequality in our case study is evident from our case study, the inequality displayed in the case is where mark is the first to sit for a state examination in the family, this is inequality displayed in marks family whereby all the other member have not done any state examination but Mark has sat for one, This is inequality in society which is displayed in terms of education level attained,Suicide Durkheim analysed suicide with the use of social integration among groups, he compared the suicide rate among the Protestants and Catholics, In his research he found out that the Protestants had higher suicide rates than Catholics due to the existence of social integration that existed in the two different groups, In the society today people are more likely to commit suicide if there is weak social integration with the other individual in the society as predicted by Durkheim,(2) Marx's theory Karl Marx theory on capitalism discusses the issue of inequality that exists in a capitalist society, According to Marx the society in a capitalist form of society has two groups of people, those who own the means of production and the labourers, According to him the capitalist society is characterised by inequality whereby the bourgeoisies are the ones with wealth and that the labourers work for the owners of the wealth to create wealth, The majority of the people in the society according to Marx are poor because of the capitalist form of society whereby only a few people hold the wealth while others do not have and this is why there is inequality in the society,Therefore there exist inequality in the society because of the capitalist form of society and the only way to get rid of the problem of inequality is through the adoption of the communist form of society, the communist form of society is characterised by equality whereby the wealth in the society is shared by all members of the society and the means of production are owned by the society as a whole and not by individuals,For example in the society we live in today the people who hold wealth are few while those who don't have the wealth are the majority, further those who have the wealth employ those without the wealth and pay them less than they have worked for, this is the capitalist society predicted, however the communist society he proposed has failed in many nations,Alienation:Alienation is the state where the individuals in the society are not in control of their lives, alienation of labour will occur whereby in a capitalist society whereby the labourers in a capitalist society will be alienated from their work through the fact that they are not in control of their lives and their actions are determined by the owners of production,In the world we live in today we live in a capitalist form of society, through work we are alienated from the work and the society whereby we are controlled by the capitalist society, The individuals in the society are not in control of the society they live in and this is because of the capitalist society we live in, for example the work determines when we wake up and when we leave work, Therefore the work itself is in control of the individual and the individual is not in control of the work and this is what Marx referred to as alienation,From our case study it is clear that there is alienation whereby Mark is alienated; this is where he prefers uggs shop to stay in a residential care where he has irregular contact with his parents, He is alienated in that he cannot have regular contacts with his parents while attending his studiesThe role of the economic structure in shaping ideology and consciousness The economic structure will shape the sort ideology that is set in the society, in a capitalist society the decisions regarding various ideas are made by the owners of production and they are made for the purpose of maximising the profits of the owners and not for the good of the workers, therefore the workers live in a world of false consciousness whereby they are not aware of the motives of the owners of production while the owners of production are the one who consciously make these decision,For example when labourers are asked to become more productive through increased working hours, this is the aim of the owners of production to increase profits and fail to increase wage rates, the labourers however live in a state of false consciousness and they are not aware of the motives behind such decision,From the case study it is clear that the ideology to move mark from home to a residential care will lead to a change in his behaviour, this works because he is able to complete his studies, the residential care is an ideology which aids those involved in criminal activity due to influence can be helped not to engage in criminal activity,(3) Weber's theory of Rationalization and the dynamics of social change According to Weber rationality is a characteristic of the modern world that has been formed through social change, rationality simply means the act of optimising on the available options, In the modern world individuals will compare the alternatives available to them and their associated rewards and if the alternative gives high reward and is more likely to occur then the individual is rationally making choices,Rationality concept of Marx Weber explains why bureaucracies are almost adopted all organisation, bureaucracy is an effective way in which organisations are structured in order for them to become more efficient, An example is where an organisation structure is set to be bureaucratic because it helps organize a large number of people in the production process, help accomplish several tasks at the same time and this is what Weber referred to as rationality which results from social change,Capitalism and the "protestant ethic"Weber also wrote the protestant ethic and the issue of capitalism, according to Weber he analysis the process how certain individuals have more wealth than the others, according to him protestants invested and the profits they achieved they reinvested the money back into their production process, the protestants did not engage in leisure activities such as drinking and for this reason they become rich and that why we have the capitalist society,From this concept by Weber it is clear that the Protestants become wealthy through reinvesting their wealth and failing to engage in leisure activities that would lead them to spending their profits, instead they reinvested whatever profits they achieved into their production process and acquired much wealth, From the world we live in today it evident that reinvesting in the profits we gain from our production processes leads to more rewards and profits, For example when one gets employed you become some one who has some wealth, if you reinvest in your education instead of spending the money on leisure activities then it will be highly possible that you will be promoted at the work place and gain even more wealth through higher salaries,References:Anthony Gidden(1986) Sociology: a brief introduction to sociology, Pal grave Macmillan The Great law of Genghis Khan Upon ascending to the title of Genghis Khan, the young Mongol leader found himself the ruler of dozens of fractious tribes, composed of men and women of different ethnicities, religions and cultural backgrounds, Formerly members of the Tatars, the Kereyids, the Naiman and the Mongol tribes, these man and women were held together only by their devotion to Genghis Khan, He knew that for this new people to function as one he would have to take steps to prevent their going to war with each other, and so he designed the Great Law, one that superseded all local laws and that was aimed at preventing the causes of traditional tension and strife,The first new law that he instigated was to strike at the heart of one of the greatest causes of strife amongst the tribes, Traditionally men could kidnap women of another tribe to take as wives, causing feuds to arise between the tribes, resulting in decades of raiding and counter raiding as each group sought justice, Genghis Khan forbade the kidnapping of women from henceforth, allowing wronged tribes to appeal to him for retribution against the perpetrator,Another new law was aimed to end the practice of capturing and enslaving Mongols so as to force them into prolonged servitude, This practice caused great distress to the social fabric, causing men and women anguish beyond measure and ensuring that the tribes remained focused against each other,A third law declared that all children born of a man, whether from his wife or concubine were legitimate heirs, and that it was no longer legal to sell a woman to be another man's wife, and he also outlawed adultery, which in the Mongol society was defined as any open sexual relation between sufficiently different families as to cause strife between them,,Finally, he made the theft of animals from neighboring tribes a capital crime, since raiding was one of the greatest sources of conflict and enmity between his people, and ordered that nobody could hunt wild animals during the summer months, ensuring that there would be plenty of food for the winter, He also passed a universal law of religious toleration, probably the first of its kind,, The History Of St, Patrick's Day St, Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17, his religious feast day and the anniversary of his death in the fifth century, The Irish have observed this day as a religious holiday for over a thousand years, On St, Patrick's Day, which falls during the Christian season of Lent, Irish families would traditionally attend church in the morning and celebrate in the afternoon, Lenten prohibitions against the consumption of meat were waived and people would dance, drink and feast

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